|
Orchids
of Illinois
Dan Nickrent
Department of Plant Biology, SIUC |
|
This family is second in size only to Asteraceae. It is the source
of a huge floricultural industry (plants and cut flowers). Display
of Cattleya orchids at Missouri
Botanical Garden. Closer
view of flower. Many
hybrids (even between genera) are produced and marketed. The vanilla
orchid is grown for it's capsule which is the basis for vanilla
extract. Flower.
Madagascar and Indonesia produced two-thirds of the vanilla worldwide (see
Wikipedia treatment).
Orchid Morphology
Habit
- Perennial herbs.
- Terrestrial, epiphytic, epilithic (on
rock, e.g. Bulbophyllum),
or mycotrophic.
- Many species (esp. epiphytic ones)
have adventitious roots with a velamen
covering.
- Pseudobulbs
present in some.
Flowers
- Bisexual. Zygomorphic, 3 sepals, 3
showy petals. Cattleya
flower.
- One petal modified into a lip (LABELLUM).
Oncidum
sphacelatum
(dancing lady orchid) Flower
face view.
- Flowers usually undergo a 180˚ twist
during development and these are called RESUPINATE
flowers. Encyclia
cochleata (cockleshell orchid). The flowers
of this species are non-resupinate.
- The inferior ovary is long and may be
mistaken for a pedicel.
- The stamens and gynoecium are
modified into a GYNANDRIUM
sometimes called the column.
Oncidium
Flower
close-up showing column. Cattleya
collumn
dissected showing pollinia.
- Pollen is in coherent masses called POLLINIA,
not separate pollen grains. Pollinium
of Oncidium.
- The 3 stigmas are modified into the ROSTELLUM.
Inflorescence
- Various (spikes, racemes, panicles,
etc.)
Fruits
Seeds
- Microscopic! Seeds
of Aplectrum hyemale.
- Require establishing a symbiotic
relationship with a fungus following germination to gain
nutrition. The orchids are called mycoheterotrophs.
See page on this nutritional strategy here.
Orchid
genera for midwest.
Orchids
genera of Illinois
1.
Aplectrum
2.
Calopogon
- C. tuberosus [= C.
pulchellus] (Grass
Pink orchid). Photos.
Mainly northern half of state, but also Jackson Co. ILPIN
Info.
ILPIN Map.
3.
Coeloglossum
- C. viride (Bracted
Green Orchid). Photo
of inflorescence from Wikipedia. Northern half of Illinois. ILPIN
Info.
ILPIN Map.
4. Corallorhiza
Less than
the coralroot, you know,
That is content with the daylight low,
And has no leaves at all of its own,
Whose spotted flowers hand meanly down
From Robert Frost, 'On Going Unnoticed'
- Corallorhiza
- C. maculata (Spotted
Coral Root Orchid). Photos.
Far northern Illinois. ILPIN Info.
ILPIN Map.
- C. odontorhiza (Autumn
or Fall Coral Root Orchid). Photos. ILPIN
Info.
ILPIN Map.
- C. trifida (Northern,
Pale or Early Coral Root Orchid). Conn.
Bot.
Soc. page. Very rare; only Cook Co. ILPIN
Info.
ILPIN Map.
- C. wisteriana (Wister's
or Spring Coral Root Orchid). Photos.
The multi-branched rhizome that resembles coral, hence the
common name. ILPIN Info.
ILPIN Map.
5.
Cypripedium
- C. acaule (Pink Lady's
Slipper Orchid, Moccasin Flower). Photos.
Rare, five counties in northern Illinois. ILPIN Info.
ILPIN Map.
- C. candidum (White
Lady's Slipper Orchid). Photos.
Mostly in northern half of Illinois. ILPIN Info.
ILPIN Map.
- C. parviflorum [= C.
calceolus var.
parviflorum; including C.
parviflorum var.
pubescens. Info.
Map.
] (Small Yellow Lady's Slipper Orchid). Photos.
Scattered throughout Illinois. ILPIN
Info. ILPIN
Map.
Illinois Wildflowers page.
- C. reginae (Showy
Lady's Slipper Orchid). Photos.
Northern half of Illinois. ILPIN Info.
ILPIN Map.
- And a couple of hybrid Cypripedium:
C. X andrewsii,
C. X favillianum.
6.
Epipactis
- E. helleborine (Broad-leaved
Helleborine). Photos.
In a few northern counties. This species is a native of Europe
but has been naturalized in North America since the 1870s. It
occurs in disturbed areas, along sidewalks, in lawns, etc. Yes, a
weedy orchid! Many variegated, yellow, and white forms have been
described. ILPIN Info.
ILPIN Map.
7.
Galearis
- G. spectablilis (Showy
Orchis). Photos.
Scattered throughout Illinois in rich woodlands, often with typical
spring wildflowers. ILPIN Info.
ILPIN Map.
8.
Goodyera
- G. pubescens (Downy
Rattlesnake-Plantain). Photos.
Scattered throughout Illinois. ILPIN Info.
ILPIN Map.
9.
Hexalectris
- H. spicata (Crested
Coral-root Orchid). Photos.
5 counties in southern Illinois. A species of the southeastern U.S.,
it appears restricted to limestone habitats, often in association with
Juniperus. ILPIN
Info.
ILPIN Map.
10.
Isotria
- I. medeoloides (Small
Whorled Pogonia). Photos. Photo
from Wikipedia. Sandstone cliffs; rare (Randolph county).
ILPIN Info.
ILPIN Map.
- I. verticillata (Whorled
Pogonia) Photos.
Lowland woods; rare (Pope county). ILPIN Info.
ILPIN Map.
11.
Liparis
- L. liliifolia (Lily-leaved,
Purple
or
Twayblade Orchid). Photos. Scattered
throughout Illinois. ILPIN Info.
ILPIN Map.
- L. loeselii (Lesser
Twayblade Orchid). Photos. Conn.
Bot.
Soc. page. Rare, northern half of Illinois and Crawford
county. ILPIN Info.
ILPIN Map.
12.
Malaxis
- M. brachypoda (Adder's
Mouth Orchid). Conn.
Bot.
Soc. page. Rare (Kane county). ILPIN Info.
ILPIN Map.
- M. unifolia (Adder's
Mouth Orchid). Photos.
Missouri Plants page.
Rare, three counties in western Illinois. ILPIN Info.
ILPIN Map.
13.
Platanthera
- P. blephariglottis (White
Fringed Orchid). Photos.
Rare; Macon county. ILPIN Info.
ILPIN Map.
- P. ciliaris (Yellow or
Orange Fringed Orchid). Photos. Rare; Cook and
Kankakee counties. ILPIN Info.
ILPIN Map.
- P. clavellata (Wood or
Green Orchid). Conn.
Bot.
Soc. page. Rare; northern Illinois and Pope county. ILPIN
Info.
ILPIN Map.
- P. dilatata (White or
Tall White Orchid). Photos.
Rare; Carroll, Kankakee and McHenry counties. ILPIN
Info.
ILPIN Map.
- P. flava (Tubercled
Orchid) including P. flava
var. herbiola (Info.,
map).
Photos.
Rare; Johnson, Massac and Wabash counties of southern Illinois. ILPIN
Info.
ILPIN Map.
- P. hookeri (Hooker's
Orchid). Conn.
Bot.
Soc. page. Rare: Cook, Hancock and Lake counties. ILPIN
Info.
ILPIN Map.
- P. hyberborea var. huronensis
(Green Orchid). Conn.
Bot.
Soc. page. Rare; northern half of Illinois. ILPIN
Info.
ILPIN Map.
- P. lacera (Green
Fringed Orchid). Photos.
Rare; scattered in Illinois. ILPIN Info.
ILPIN Map.
Illinois Wildflowers page.
- P. leucophaea (White
Fringed Orchid). Photos.
Northern 2/3 of Illinois. ILPIN Info.
ILPIN Map. Illinois
Wildflowers
page.
- P. orbiculata (Round-leaved
Orchid).
Photos.
Photos
from 'Perennial Gardening on the Prairies' (Saskatchewan, Canada).
Rare; Cook and Kane counties. ILPIN Info.
ILPIN Map.
- P. peramoena (Purple
Fringeless Orchid). Photos. Occassional
in southern part of Illinois. ILPIN Info.
ILPIN Map. Illinois
Wildflowers
page.
- P. psycodes (Small
Purple Fringed Orchid). Conn.
Bot.
Soc. page. Rare; Cook, Lake and Winnebago counties. ILPIN
Info.
ILPIN Map.
14.
Pogonia
- P. ophioglossoides (Snake
Mouth
orchid). Photos. Six
counties in northern Illinois. ILPIN Info.
ILPIN Map.
15.
Spiranthes
- S. cernua (Nodding
Ladies' Tresses). Photos.
Occassional throughout Illinois. ILPIN Info.
ILPIN Map.
Illinois Wildflowers page.
- S. lacera (Slender
Ladies'
Tresses). Photos.
Rare; northern half of Illinois. ILPIN
Info.
ILPIN Map.
- S. lacera var. gracilis
[= S. gracilis] (Slender
Ladies'
Tresses). Photos.
Rare; southern half of Illinois. ILPIN
Info.
ILPIN Map.
- S. lucida (Yellow-lipped
Ladies'
Tresses). Conn.
Bot.
Soc. page. Rare; Cook, Hancock, Will, and Woodford
counties. ILPIN Info.
ILPIN Map.
- S. magnicamporum (Prairie
Ladies'
Tresses). Photos.
Scattered throughout Illinois. ILPIN
Info.
ILPIN Map.
- S. ovalis (Ladies'
Tresses).
Photos.
Southern 3/4 of Illinois. ILPIN
Info.
ILPIN Map.
- S. romanzoffiana (Hooded
Ladies' Tresses). Photos.
Rare; Coles, Cook, McHenry and Peoria counties. ILPIN
Info.
ILPIN Map.
- S. tuberosa (Little
Ladies'
Tresses). Photos.
Southern 1/5 of Illinois. ILPIN
Info.
ILPIN Map.
- S. vernalis (Spring
Ladies'
Tresses). Photos.
Rare; 7 counties in southern Illinois. ILPIN Info.
ILPIN Map.
16.
Tipularia
- T. discolor (Crane-fly
Orchid). Photos.
Southern 1/6 of Illinois. ILPIN Info.
ILPIN Map.
17.
Triophora
- T. trianthophora (Nodding
Pogonia).
Photos
from Missouri Plants web site. Scattered throughout Illinois. ILPIN
Info.
ILPIN Map.
A
non-native orchid you can cultivate outdoors in Illinois!
Bletilla
Websites on Orchids (and other things)
Illinois Orchids
The
Illinois Orchid Society
Central Illinois Orchid Society
Regional Orchids
Mid-America Orchid Congress
Central
Indiana Orchid Society
Wisconsin
Orchid Society
Orchids
of
Wisconsin
Central
Iowa Orchid Society
Kentucky Orchid Society
Orchids in General
Internet
Orchid
Species Encyclopedia
The
Orchid Mall - lists many sites
with orchid photographs.
Orchid
Conservation Coalition
Native Orchid Conservation Inc
(Manitoba, Canada)
The American Orchid
Society
The Orchid Photo Page
Orchid Species Photographs
(Eric Hunt)
Orchid Photography by Kokin
Orchidmania
General Plant Information
Illlinois
Plants: Wild Plants of the Prairie State
Illinois
Plant
Information Network (ILPIN)
Missouri
Plants
Connecticut
Botanical Society
